崇明電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程
發布日期:2022-08-21 瀏(liu)覽次數:25726電(dian)弧熔爐生(sheng)產電(dian)熔氧化鎂的工藝(yi)流程主要包(bao)(bao)括:原料配料、電(dian)弧熔融、破碎、選別、粉(fen)碎、篩(shai)別、磁選、分(fen)類包(bao)(bao)裝等。
(1)原料
我國(guo)有豐富的優質菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)石,氧化鎂(mei)(mei)含量高,又易于開采,因此,被(bei)廣泛用作電熔氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的原(yuan)料(liao)。采用菱鎂(mei)(mei)石作原(yuan)料(liao),碳酸鎂(mei)(mei)分解產生CO2氣(qi)體(ti),由于有大(da)量氣(qi)體(ti)從爐內排出影響著電熔過(guo)程的進行:
MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑
對電熔(rong)氧化鎂(mei)的結晶(jing)帶(dai)的形成均有不利影響,由于大量塵(chen)料飛損,使物料損耗(hao)和能量消(xiao)耗(hao)增高(gao),也惡化了車(che)間(jian)生(sheng)產(chan)環(huan)境。但由于優質菱鎂(mei)礦石容易獲得,價(jia)格很低廉,所以,仍是我國電熔(rong)氧化鎂(mei)用(yong)得最多最廣泛(fan)的原料。
(2)配料
①菱(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)。菱(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)石中(zhong)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的含量高低(di)和(he)化(hua)學(xue)成分直接影(ying)響到(dao)電熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的質量,同時在電熔過程中(zhong)也直接影(ying)響到(dao)電熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)得到(dao)的品級(ji)比(bi)例(li),因此,為了保證電熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的質量和(he)品級(ji)比(bi)例(li),必須對各(ge)種(zhong)礦(kuang)石進行適(shi)當的配比(bi)后進行熔煉(lian)。
②水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)石(shi)。我(wo)國的遼寧省水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)石(shi)的礦(kuang)源非常豐富,水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)石(shi)中氧(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)含量高于菱(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)石(shi)。它也(ye)是一種制造電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)的原料,部分地區水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)石(shi)的化學(xue)成分見表2。
表(biao)2水鎂石的化學成(cheng)分/%
③輕(qing)(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。以(yi)輕(qing)(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)作為電(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)原料,可(ke)以(yi)使生產環(huan)境(jing)得到改善,可(ke)以(yi)降低運輸(shu)費(fei)用。由于電(dian)熔(rong)時排出氣體少,成分也較均勻,對提(ti)高電(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)質量有利。
我國有一(yi)(yi)(yi)些電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂以輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂制成球料(liao)入爐電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂含量達到(dao)98%,以此(ci)料(liao)能生產出白色(se)大結晶電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂。但由于成球費用(yong)(yong)高,影響生產成本。目前(qian),有的(de)廠家采(cai)用(yong)(yong)反射(she)爐輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂,以一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)粒度加入熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)爐電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂的(de)質量比用(yong)(yong)菱鎂礦石(shi)好,成本又比用(yong)(yong)球料(liao)作原料(liao)時(shi)便(bian)宜,因而(er)得(de)到(dao)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)推廣。
④燒(shao)(shao)結鎂(mei)(mei)砂(sha)(sha)。為(wei)了某些電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)特(te)殊要求,有時(shi)(shi)必(bi)須在(zai)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)過(guo)程中采用(yong)(yong)燒(shao)(shao)結鎂(mei)(mei)砂(sha)(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)原料,如采用(yong)(yong)海水鎂(mei)(mei)砂(sha)(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)原料,一(yi)般(ban)首先利用(yong)(yong)處理海水和石灰乳(ru)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)生產氫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei),將(jiang)氫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)煅燒(shao)(shao)成輕燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。用(yong)(yong)其他方法也可以制得輕燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(詳(xiang)見工業氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)制取(qu)方法),采用(yong)(yong)輕燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)作(zuo)為(wei)原料生產電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。奧絲脫(AusT)和拉(la)特(te)爾(Ruttere)等研究認為(wei),極少量(liang)的(de)雜(za)(za)質(zhi)氣體(ti)(相(xiang)(xiang))也屬于晶體(ti)的(de)雜(za)(za)質(zhi),可明顯(xian)影響(xiang)晶粒的(de)長大(da)。因(yin)為(wei)雜(za)(za)質(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)于增加晶界(jie)運動所需的(de)能(neng)量(liang)。當晶界(jie)與第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)遇(yu)時(shi)(shi),晶體(ti)能(neng)量(liang)降(jiang)低(di),其降(jiang)低(di)量(liang)與第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)橫(heng)截(jie)面積成正比,所以必(bi)須提高晶界(jie)能(neng),晶界(jie)才能(neng)離(li)開第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)繼續運動。并(bing)且當晶界(jie)與第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)遇(yu)時(shi)(shi),與第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)橫(heng)截(jie)面積相(xiang)(xiang)等的(de)晶界(jie)必(bi)須變形(xing),第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)數量(liang)愈(yu)多(duo),晶粒長大(da)的(de)極限尺寸(cun)愈(yu)小(xiao)。
另一(yi)方面為了(le)降低電熔(rong)凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的顯氣(qi)孔(kong)率,也應盡量減少原料氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的氣(qi)體排(pai)出(chu),因此,采用燒結鎂(mei)砂電熔(rong)有其顯著優點。
⑤電熔氧化鎂單晶的化學原料質量要求:
(3)電弧熔融
這些特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)是(shi)同原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)和分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的量(liang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)力學本性(xing)(xing)如(ru)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)半徑的尺寸,離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的電(dian)位數值,離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)外層結(jie)(jie)構(gou)等(deng)相關聯。而(er)氧化(hua)鎂的離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)尺寸、質量(liang)和電(dian)荷、陽離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)和陰離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之間的結(jie)(jie)合特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)和強度(du)、離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的極化(hua)作(zuo)用、結(jie)(jie)晶構(gou)造等(deng)決定它是(shi)一高熔(rong)點化(hua)合物(wu)。
氧(yang)化鎂(mei)的熔(rong)點和結(jie)構(gou)參(can)數:陽離子半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)0.074mm;陰(yin)離子半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)0.53mm;結(jie)構(gou)類(lei)型NaCl;配位(wei)數6;有效配位(wei)數8.5;密度3.65g/cm3;熔(rong)點2800℃。
電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂制(zhi)造的(de)最重要過(guo)程是由各種(zhong)鎂質(zhi)原(yuan)料(liao),通(tong)過(guo)各種(zhong)形式的(de)加熱(re)方法(fa)產生(sheng)高(gao)溫使鎂質(zhi)材料(liao)(MgO)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua),變成氧化(hua)(hua)鎂熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體。要使氧化(hua)(hua)鎂熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)融,必(bi)須(xu)消(xiao)耗大量的(de)熱(re)能,以克服離子間的(de)引(yin)力。通(tong)過(guo)強(qiang)大電弧(hu)產生(sheng)高(gao)溫而熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)氧化(hua)(hua)鎂的(de)方法(fa)叫做電弧(hu)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)融法(fa)。這個融化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程一(yi)般包(bao)括(kuo)熱(re)的(de)傳導、脫(tuo)水(shui)、脫(tuo)碳、熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)、析晶、晶體長大等一(yi)系(xi)列物理(li)化(hua)(hua)學變化(hua)(hua)的(de)過(guo)程。
①脫水(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)程。用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石作原料有一脫水(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)程。水(shui)(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石的主(zhu)要成分是(shi)氫氧化(hua)鎂(mei)Mg(OH)2。其脫水(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)程是(shi):
Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O
②脫碳(tan)(tan)過程。用菱(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)作為原(yuan)料時有一個(ge)脫碳(tan)(tan)過程,脫碳(tan)(tan)過程包括兩個(ge)方(fang)面。一方(fang)面是菱(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)石的熱分(fen)解,菱(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)石的主要成分(fen)是碳(tan)(tan)酸鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(MgCO3):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2
另一方面,由(you)于在(zai)電熔(rong)過程中(zhong)(zhong)往往在(zai)原料(liao)氧化鎂中(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)(jia)入石墨(mo)(mo)粉末添加(jia)(jia)物(助劑),在(zai)電熔(rong)爐起(qi)動過程中(zhong)(zhong)需在(zai)三電極(ji)(石墨(mo)(mo)電極(ji))的下端用(yong)石墨(mo)(mo)粉末鋪成三角(jiao)形或星形導線路,在(zai)通電過程中(zhong)(zhong)受熱燒(shao)損(sun)或完全燃燒(shao)除(chu)去石墨(mo)(mo)。
C+O2→CO2↑
③熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程。熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程即氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)中鎂(mei)離子和氧(yang)離子在(zai)強電(dian)弧產生的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)能作用下(xia),克服單晶體(ti)(ti)(ti)中的(de)(de)晶格能的(de)(de)束縛,變(bian)(bian)成能自由運動(dong)的(de)(de)過(guo)程。也就是說,氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)加熱(re)(re)到一(yi)定(ding)溫度(du)(熔(rong)點)就會由固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)變(bian)(bian)成液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti),叫熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)。在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)過(guo)程中需消耗(hao)大量的(de)(de)電(dian)能。據(ju)電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)生產者對用水鎂(mei)石作原料生產電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)平衡的(de)(de)衡算,熱(re)(re)消耗(hao)的(de)(de)比例如下(xia):氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)晶體(ti)(ti)(ti)生成熱(re)(re)消耗(hao)值(zhi)(zhi)34.9%,渣皮消耗(hao)熱(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)15.3%,散砂生成熱(re)(re)耗(hao)值(zhi)(zhi)3.0%,冷卻水耗(hao)熱(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)8.4%,冷卻爐殼的(de)(de)水耗(hao)熱(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)7.9%,爐子表(biao)面散熱(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)6.4%,煙氣帶(dai)走熱(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)28.8%。電(dian)能損失值(zhi)(zhi)3.2%,從這(zhe)(zhe)些統計數(shu)據(ju)可以看出,在(zai)電(dian)熔(rong)