和田電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程
發(fa)布日期:2022-08-21 瀏(liu)覽(lan)次數(shu):25496電弧熔爐(lu)生產電熔氧化(hua)鎂的(de)工藝(yi)流程(cheng)主(zhu)要包括:原料配(pei)料、電弧熔融、破碎、選別、粉碎、篩別、磁選、分類(lei)包裝(zhuang)等(deng)。
(1)原料
我國有(you)豐富的優質菱鎂(mei)礦石,氧(yang)化鎂(mei)含量高(gao),又易(yi)于開采,因此,被廣泛用作電熔氧(yang)化鎂(mei)的原料。采用菱鎂(mei)石作原料,碳酸鎂(mei)分解產(chan)生(sheng)CO2氣體(ti),由于有(you)大量氣體(ti)從爐內排出影響著電熔過程的進行:
MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑
對電熔(rong)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的結晶帶的形(xing)成均(jun)有不利影響,由于大量(liang)塵料(liao)飛(fei)損(sun)(sun),使物料(liao)損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)和能量(liang)消耗(hao)增高,也惡化(hua)了車間生產環境(jing)。但(dan)由于優質菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦石(shi)容易獲(huo)得(de),價(jia)格很低廉(lian),所以(yi),仍是我國(guo)電熔(rong)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)用(yong)得(de)最多最廣泛的原料(liao)。
(2)配料
①菱鎂礦(kuang)。菱鎂礦(kuang)石中(zhong)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂的含量高低和化(hua)學成分直(zhi)(zhi)接影(ying)響(xiang)到電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂的質(zhi)量,同時在電(dian)熔(rong)過程中(zhong)也直(zhi)(zhi)接影(ying)響(xiang)到電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂得到的品(pin)級(ji)比(bi)(bi)例,因此,為了(le)保(bao)證電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂的質(zhi)量和品(pin)級(ji)比(bi)(bi)例,必須對各種礦(kuang)石進行適當的配比(bi)(bi)后進行熔(rong)煉。
②水(shui)鎂(mei)石。我國(guo)的(de)遼寧省(sheng)水(shui)鎂(mei)石的(de)礦源非常(chang)豐富,水(shui)鎂(mei)石中氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)含量高于菱鎂(mei)礦石。它也是一種制造(zao)電熔凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)原(yuan)料,部分(fen)(fen)地區(qu)水(shui)鎂(mei)石的(de)化(hua)(hua)學成分(fen)(fen)見表2。
表2水(shui)鎂石的化(hua)學成分/%
③輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)。以(yi)輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)作為電(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)原料,可以(yi)使(shi)生產環境得到(dao)改善(shan),可以(yi)降低運輸費用。由于電(dian)熔(rong)時排出氣(qi)體(ti)少,成分也較均(jun)勻,對提高(gao)電(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)質量(liang)有利。
我(wo)國有一些(xie)電熔(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)以輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)制成球料入(ru)(ru)爐電熔(rong)。輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)含(han)量(liang)達到98%,以此料能生產出白色(se)大(da)結(jie)晶(jing)電熔(rong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)。但由于(yu)成球費用(yong)高,影響生產成本。目(mu)前,有的廠家采(cai)用(yong)反射爐輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei),以一定(ding)的粒(li)度加入(ru)(ru)熔(rong)爐電熔(rong),電熔(rong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)的質量(liang)比(bi)用(yong)菱鎂(mei)礦石好,成本又比(bi)用(yong)球料作原料時便宜,因而得到了一定(ding)的推(tui)廣(guang)。
④燒(shao)(shao)結鎂(mei)(mei)砂。為(wei)了某些電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)特(te)殊要(yao)求,有時必(bi)須(xu)在電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)過程中采(cai)用(yong)燒(shao)(shao)結鎂(mei)(mei)砂作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)原料,如采(cai)用(yong)海水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)砂作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)原料,一般首先利用(yong)處理(li)海水(shui)和石灰乳作(zuo)用(yong)生產氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei),將氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)煅燒(shao)(shao)成(cheng)輕燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。用(yong)其他方法也(ye)可以(yi)制(zhi)得輕燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(詳(xiang)見工業氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)制(zhi)取方法),采(cai)用(yong)輕燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)作(zuo)為(wei)原料生產電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。奧(ao)絲脫(AusT)和拉特(te)爾(er)(Ruttere)等研(yan)究認為(wei),極(ji)(ji)少量(liang)(liang)的(de)雜(za)質(zhi)氣(qi)體(ti)(相(xiang))也(ye)屬于晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)的(de)雜(za)質(zhi),可明顯(xian)影響晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)的(de)長大(da)。因為(wei)雜(za)質(zhi)相(xiang)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)在于增加晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)(jie)運動所需的(de)能量(liang)(liang)。當(dang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)(jie)與第(di)(di)二相(xiang)相(xiang)遇(yu)時,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)能量(liang)(liang)降(jiang)低,其降(jiang)低量(liang)(liang)與第(di)(di)二相(xiang)橫(heng)截面積(ji)成(cheng)正比,所以(yi)必(bi)須(xu)提(ti)高晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)(jie)能,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)(jie)才能離開第(di)(di)二相(xiang)繼續(xu)運動。并且當(dang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)(jie)與第(di)(di)二相(xiang)相(xiang)遇(yu)時,與第(di)(di)二相(xiang)橫(heng)截面積(ji)相(xiang)等的(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)(jie)必(bi)須(xu)變形,第(di)(di)二相(xiang)數量(liang)(liang)愈多,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)長大(da)的(de)極(ji)(ji)限尺(chi)寸(cun)愈小。
另(ling)一方面為了降低電(dian)熔凝氧化鎂(mei)的顯氣孔率,也應盡量減少(shao)原料氧化鎂(mei)的氣體排(pai)出,因(yin)此,采用燒(shao)結鎂(mei)砂電(dian)熔有(you)其顯著(zhu)優點。
⑤電熔氧化鎂單(dan)晶的化學(xue)原料質(zhi)量要求:
(3)電弧熔融
這些特(te)性是同原子(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)(he)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)量子(zi)(zi)(zi)力學本性如離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)半徑的(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)(chi)寸,離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)位數值,離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)外層結構等(deng)相關(guan)聯。而氧化(hua)鎂的(de)(de)(de)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)尺(chi)(chi)寸、質(zhi)量和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)荷、陽離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)(he)陰離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)結合特(te)性和(he)(he)(he)強度、離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)極化(hua)作用、結晶構造等(deng)決定它是一(yi)高熔點化(hua)合物。
氧化鎂的熔(rong)點(dian)和結(jie)(jie)構(gou)參數:陽離(li)子半徑0.074mm;陰離(li)子半徑0.53mm;結(jie)(jie)構(gou)類(lei)型NaCl;配位(wei)(wei)數6;有效(xiao)配位(wei)(wei)數8.5;密度(du)3.65g/cm3;熔(rong)點(dian)2800℃。
電熔(rong)凝氧化(hua)鎂(mei)制造的(de)最重要過(guo)程是由各種鎂(mei)質(zhi)原料,通過(guo)各種形式的(de)加熱方(fang)法(fa)產生高溫(wen)使鎂(mei)質(zhi)材料(MgO)熔(rong)化(hua),變(bian)成(cheng)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)熔(rong)體。要使氧化(hua)鎂(mei)熔(rong)融,必須消耗大(da)量的(de)熱能,以(yi)克服離子間的(de)引力(li)。通過(guo)強大(da)電弧產生高溫(wen)而熔(rong)化(hua)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)叫做電弧熔(rong)融法(fa)。這個融化(hua)過(guo)程一般(ban)包括熱的(de)傳導、脫水、脫碳、熔(rong)化(hua)、析(xi)晶、晶體長大(da)等一系列(lie)物理化(hua)學變(bian)化(hua)的(de)過(guo)程。
①脫(tuo)水過程(cheng)。用水鎂石作原(yuan)料(liao)有(you)一(yi)脫(tuo)水過程(cheng)。水鎂石的主要成分是(shi)氫(qing)氧化鎂Mg(OH)2。其(qi)脫(tuo)水過程(cheng)是(shi):
Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O
②脫碳(tan)過程。用菱(ling)(ling)鎂(mei)礦作為原料時有(you)一個脫碳(tan)過程,脫碳(tan)過程包括兩個方面(mian)。一方面(mian)是菱(ling)(ling)鎂(mei)礦石(shi)的(de)熱分(fen)解,菱(ling)(ling)鎂(mei)礦石(shi)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)成分(fen)是碳(tan)酸鎂(mei)(MgCO3):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2
另一(yi)方面(mian),由(you)于在(zai)電(dian)熔過程(cheng)中(zhong)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)原料氧化(hua)鎂中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)石墨(mo)(mo)粉末添加(jia)物(助(zhu)劑),在(zai)電(dian)熔爐起動過程(cheng)中(zhong)需在(zai)三(san)電(dian)極(ji)(石墨(mo)(mo)電(dian)極(ji))的下(xia)端(duan)用石墨(mo)(mo)粉末鋪成三(san)角形(xing)(xing)或(huo)星形(xing)(xing)導(dao)線路,在(zai)通(tong)電(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)受(shou)熱燒(shao)損(sun)或(huo)完全燃燒(shao)除(chu)去(qu)石墨(mo)(mo)。
C+O2→CO2↑
③熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化過(guo)程。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化過(guo)程即氧(yang)化鎂(mei)中(zhong)鎂(mei)離子(zi)和(he)氧(yang)離子(zi)在強電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧產生(sheng)的熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)作用(yong)下,克服單晶體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的晶格能(neng)的束縛,變成(cheng)(cheng)能(neng)自由運動的過(guo)程。也就是說,氧(yang)化鎂(mei)加熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)到一定溫度(熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點)就會由固體(ti)(ti)變成(cheng)(cheng)液體(ti)(ti),叫熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化。在這一過(guo)程中(zhong)需消耗(hao)大(da)量的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。據電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化鎂(mei)生(sheng)產者對用(yong)水(shui)鎂(mei)石作原料(liao)生(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化鎂(mei)的熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)平衡(heng)的衡(heng)算,熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)消耗(hao)的比(bi)例如下:氧(yang)化鎂(mei)晶體(ti)(ti)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)消耗(hao)值(zhi)(zhi)34.9%,渣皮(pi)消耗(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)15.3%,散(san)砂生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)耗(hao)值(zhi)(zhi)3.0%,冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)水(shui)耗(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)8.4%,冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)爐殼的水(shui)耗(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)7.9%,爐子(zi)表(biao)面散(san)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)6.4%,煙氣帶走熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)28.8%。電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)損(sun)失值(zhi)(zhi)3.2%,從這些統(tong)計數據可以(yi)看出,在電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)