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圖木舒克電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程

發布日期(qi):2022-08-21 瀏覽次(ci)數:25748

電弧熔(rong)爐生產電熔(rong)氧(yang)化鎂的工藝流(liu)程主(zhu)要包括(kuo):原料配(pei)料、電弧熔(rong)融、破碎、選別、粉碎、篩別、磁選、分類包裝(zhuang)等(deng)。

(1)原料

我國有豐富的(de)優(you)質(zhi)菱鎂(mei)礦(kuang)石,氧(yang)化鎂(mei)含量高,又易于開采,因此(ci),被廣泛用作電(dian)熔氧(yang)化鎂(mei)的(de)原(yuan)料(liao)。采用菱鎂(mei)石作原(yuan)料(liao),碳酸(suan)鎂(mei)分(fen)解產生CO2氣(qi)體,由于有大量氣(qi)體從爐內排出(chu)影響著(zhu)電(dian)熔過(guo)程的(de)進行:

MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑

對電(dian)熔(rong)氧化鎂的結晶帶的形成(cheng)均有不利影響,由(you)于(yu)大量(liang)塵料飛(fei)損(sun),使物(wu)料損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)和能量(liang)消耗(hao)(hao)增高,也(ye)惡化了(le)車間(jian)生產環境。但由(you)于(yu)優質菱鎂礦石容易(yi)獲(huo)得,價格很低廉,所以,仍是我國電(dian)熔(rong)氧化鎂用得最(zui)多最(zui)廣泛的原料。

(2)配料

①菱鎂(mei)礦(kuang)。菱鎂(mei)礦(kuang)石中氧化鎂(mei)的(de)含量(liang)高低(di)和化學成分直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)影響(xiang)到(dao)電熔(rong)凝(ning)氧化鎂(mei)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang),同(tong)時在電熔(rong)過程(cheng)中也直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)影響(xiang)到(dao)電熔(rong)凝(ning)氧化鎂(mei)得到(dao)的(de)品級比例,因此,為了(le)保證電熔(rong)凝(ning)氧化鎂(mei)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和品級比例,必須對各種礦(kuang)石進(jin)行適當的(de)配比后進(jin)行熔(rong)煉(lian)。


v5.jpg


②水(shui)(shui)鎂石(shi)。我國的遼(liao)寧省水(shui)(shui)鎂石(shi)的礦源(yuan)非常豐富,水(shui)(shui)鎂石(shi)中氧化鎂含量(liang)高(gao)于菱鎂礦石(shi)。它也是(shi)一種制造電熔(rong)凝氧化鎂的原料,部分地(di)區水(shui)(shui)鎂石(shi)的化學成分見(jian)表2。

表2水鎂石的化(hua)學成分(fen)/%

③輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂。以(yi)輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂作為電(dian)熔氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂原料(liao),可(ke)以(yi)使生產環境得到改(gai)善(shan),可(ke)以(yi)降低(di)運輸(shu)費用。由(you)于(yu)電(dian)熔時(shi)排出氣(qi)體少,成(cheng)分也較均勻,對提(ti)高電(dian)熔氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂質量有利(li)。

我國(guo)有一(yi)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)以(yi)輕燒(shao)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)制成球料入爐(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)。輕燒(shao)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)含量(liang)達到(dao)98%,以(yi)此料能生產出白色大結(jie)晶電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。但由于成球費用高(gao),影響(xiang)生產成本。目前,有的(de)廠家采用反射爐(lu)輕燒(shao)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei),以(yi)一(yi)定的(de)粒度加入熔(rong)爐(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)質量(liang)比用菱鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)礦石好,成本又比用球料作原料時便宜(yi),因而得到(dao)了一(yi)定的(de)推廣。


④燒結(jie)鎂(mei)(mei)砂(sha)。為了(le)某(mou)些電(dian)熔(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的特殊要求(qiu),有時(shi)(shi)必須(xu)在(zai)電(dian)熔(rong)過(guo)程中采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)燒結(jie)鎂(mei)(mei)砂(sha)作(zuo)為電(dian)熔(rong)原料,如采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)海(hai)水鎂(mei)(mei)砂(sha)作(zuo)為電(dian)熔(rong)原料,一般首(shou)先(xian)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)處(chu)理海(hai)水和(he)石灰乳作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)產氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei),將氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)煅燒成輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)其(qi)(qi)他方法也(ye)可以制得輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(詳見工(gong)業氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的制取方法),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)作(zuo)為原料生(sheng)產電(dian)熔(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。奧絲脫(AusT)和(he)拉特爾(Ruttere)等研究認(ren)為,極(ji)少(shao)量的雜(za)質(zhi)氣體(ti)(ti)(相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang))也(ye)屬(shu)于晶體(ti)(ti)的雜(za)質(zhi),可明顯影響晶粒的長大(da)。因(yin)為雜(za)質(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)于增加(jia)晶界(jie)運動所需的能量。當晶界(jie)與第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇(yu)時(shi)(shi),晶體(ti)(ti)能量降低(di),其(qi)(qi)降低(di)量與第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫(heng)截(jie)面積成正比(bi),所以必須(xu)提高晶界(jie)能,晶界(jie)才(cai)能離開第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)繼續運動。并且當晶界(jie)與第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇(yu)時(shi)(shi),與第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫(heng)截(jie)面積相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等的晶界(jie)必須(xu)變形,第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)數量愈多(duo),晶粒長大(da)的極(ji)限尺寸(cun)愈小。


另(ling)一方(fang)面為了(le)降低電(dian)熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂的顯氣孔率,也應盡量減少原料氧(yang)化(hua)鎂的氣體(ti)排出,因(yin)此,采用燒結(jie)鎂砂電(dian)熔有其顯著優點。

⑤電熔氧化鎂單晶的化學原(yuan)料質量要求:

(3)電弧熔融

這些特性是同原子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的量子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)力(li)學本性如離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)半徑的尺寸,離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的電(dian)位數值,離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)外層結(jie)構等(deng)相關(guan)聯。而氧化(hua)鎂的離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)尺寸、質量和(he)(he)電(dian)荷(he)、陽離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)陰離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之間的結(jie)合特性和(he)(he)強度(du)、離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的極化(hua)作用(yong)、結(jie)晶構造(zao)等(deng)決定它是一高熔(rong)點化(hua)合物(wu)。

氧化鎂的(de)熔(rong)點和結(jie)構參數(shu):陽離(li)子半徑(jing)0.074mm;陰離(li)子半徑(jing)0.53mm;結(jie)構類型NaCl;配(pei)位數(shu)6;有效配(pei)位數(shu)8.5;密(mi)度3.65g/cm3;熔(rong)點2800℃。

電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂制造的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)重要(yao)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)是由各種(zhong)鎂質原料,通過(guo)(guo)各種(zhong)形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)加熱(re)方法(fa)(fa)產生(sheng)高溫(wen)(wen)使(shi)鎂質材料(MgO)熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua),變(bian)成(cheng)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂熔(rong)(rong)體。要(yao)使(shi)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂熔(rong)(rong)融(rong)(rong),必須消(xiao)耗大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)能(neng),以(yi)克服離子(zi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)引力。通過(guo)(guo)強大電(dian)弧(hu)產生(sheng)高溫(wen)(wen)而熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)叫做電(dian)弧(hu)熔(rong)(rong)融(rong)(rong)法(fa)(fa)。這(zhe)個融(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)一般包括熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳導(dao)、脫(tuo)水(shui)、脫(tuo)碳(tan)、熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、析晶、晶體長大等一系(xi)列物理化(hua)(hua)(hua)學變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。

①脫(tuo)水(shui)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。用水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石作(zuo)原料(liao)有一脫(tuo)水(shui)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石的主(zhu)要(yao)成分是(shi)氫氧化鎂(mei)(mei)Mg(OH)2。其脫(tuo)水(shui)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)是(shi):

Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O

②脫碳(tan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。用菱鎂礦(kuang)作為原料時有(you)一個(ge)脫碳(tan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),脫碳(tan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包括兩個(ge)方面。一方面是菱鎂礦(kuang)石的(de)熱分解,菱鎂礦(kuang)石的(de)主要成分是碳(tan)酸鎂(MgCO3):

MgCO3→MgO+CO2

另(ling)一方面,由于在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)原料氧化鎂中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加入石(shi)墨粉末(mo)添加物(助劑),在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)爐起動過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需在(zai)三電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(石(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji))的(de)下端用石(shi)墨粉末(mo)鋪成三角(jiao)形或(huo)星形導線路,在(zai)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)受熱燒損或(huo)完全燃燒除去石(shi)墨。

C+O2→CO2↑

③熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)過程(cheng)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)過程(cheng)即氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)中(zhong)鎂(mei)(mei)離子(zi)和氧(yang)(yang)離子(zi)在強電弧產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)能作用(yong)下,克(ke)服單晶體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶格(ge)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)束縛,變成能自(zi)由(you)(you)運動的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)。也就(jiu)是說,氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)加熱(re)(re)(re)到一定溫度(熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點)就(jiu)會由(you)(you)固體(ti)(ti)變成液體(ti)(ti),叫(jiao)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)。在這(zhe)一過程(cheng)中(zhong)需消耗大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)電能。據電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)生(sheng)產者對用(yong)水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石作原料生(sheng)產電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)平衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)衡算(suan),熱(re)(re)(re)消耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例如下:氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)晶體(ti)(ti)生(sheng)成熱(re)(re)(re)消耗值(zhi)(zhi)34.9%,渣皮消耗熱(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)15.3%,散砂生(sheng)成熱(re)(re)(re)耗值(zhi)(zhi)3.0%,冷(leng)卻(que)水(shui)耗熱(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)8.4%,冷(leng)卻(que)爐殼的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)耗熱(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)7.9%,爐子(zi)表面散熱(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)6.4%,煙氣帶(dai)走熱(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)28.8%。電能損失值(zhi)(zhi)3.2%,從這(zhe)些統計數據可以(yi)看出,在電熔(rong)(rong)(rong)


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