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沙坪壩電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程

發(fa)布日期:2022-08-21 瀏(liu)覽次數(shu):28951

電(dian)(dian)弧熔爐(lu)生產(chan)電(dian)(dian)熔氧化鎂的工藝(yi)流程主(zhu)要包(bao)(bao)括(kuo):原料配料、電(dian)(dian)弧熔融、破碎(sui)、選別、粉碎(sui)、篩別、磁選、分類包(bao)(bao)裝等。

(1)原料

我國有(you)豐富的優質菱鎂礦石,氧化(hua)(hua)鎂含量高,又易于(yu)開采,因此,被廣泛(fan)用(yong)作電熔(rong)氧化(hua)(hua)鎂的原料。采用(yong)菱鎂石作原料,碳酸鎂分解產生CO2氣(qi)體,由(you)于(yu)有(you)大(da)量氣(qi)體從爐內排出影響著電熔(rong)過程的進行:

MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑

對電熔氧化鎂(mei)的結晶帶的形(xing)成均(jun)有不利影響,由(you)于(yu)大(da)量(liang)塵料飛損(sun),使物料損(sun)耗(hao)和(he)能(neng)量(liang)消耗(hao)增(zeng)高,也惡化了車(che)間(jian)生產環境。但(dan)由(you)于(yu)優質菱鎂(mei)礦石(shi)容(rong)易獲得,價(jia)格很(hen)低(di)廉,所以,仍是我國電熔氧化鎂(mei)用(yong)得最(zui)多最(zui)廣泛(fan)的原料。

(2)配料

①菱鎂礦。菱鎂礦石(shi)中氧化(hua)鎂的(de)(de)含量高低(di)和化(hua)學成分(fen)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)影響(xiang)到(dao)電(dian)熔(rong)凝(ning)氧化(hua)鎂的(de)(de)質(zhi)量,同時在(zai)電(dian)熔(rong)過程(cheng)中也(ye)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)影響(xiang)到(dao)電(dian)熔(rong)凝(ning)氧化(hua)鎂得到(dao)的(de)(de)品級比例(li),因此,為了保(bao)證電(dian)熔(rong)凝(ning)氧化(hua)鎂的(de)(de)質(zhi)量和品級比例(li),必須對各(ge)種礦石(shi)進行(xing)適當(dang)的(de)(de)配比后進行(xing)熔(rong)煉(lian)。


v5.jpg


②水鎂(mei)石(shi)。我國的(de)(de)遼寧省水鎂(mei)石(shi)的(de)(de)礦源非常(chang)豐富(fu),水鎂(mei)石(shi)中氧化(hua)鎂(mei)含量(liang)高(gao)于菱鎂(mei)礦石(shi)。它(ta)也是一種制(zhi)造電(dian)熔凝氧化(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)(de)原料,部分地區水鎂(mei)石(shi)的(de)(de)化(hua)學成(cheng)分見(jian)表(biao)2。

表2水鎂石的化(hua)學成分/%

③輕燒氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。以(yi)(yi)輕燒氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)作為(wei)電熔氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)原料,可以(yi)(yi)使生產環境得到改善,可以(yi)(yi)降低運輸費用(yong)。由于電熔時排出氣體少,成(cheng)分也較均勻,對提高電熔氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)質(zhi)量有利。

我國有一些電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)以(yi)輕燒氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)制(zhi)成(cheng)球(qiu)(qiu)料入(ru)爐(lu)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)。輕燒氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)含量(liang)達到(dao)98%,以(yi)此料能生(sheng)產出(chu)白色大(da)結晶(jing)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。但由于(yu)成(cheng)球(qiu)(qiu)費(fei)用高,影響生(sheng)產成(cheng)本。目前,有的(de)廠家采用反射(she)爐(lu)輕燒氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei),以(yi)一定(ding)的(de)粒(li)度(du)加入(ru)熔(rong)(rong)爐(lu)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong),電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)質量(liang)比用菱(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)礦石好(hao),成(cheng)本又比用球(qiu)(qiu)料作原料時便(bian)宜,因而得到(dao)了一定(ding)的(de)推廣。


④燒(shao)結(jie)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)砂。為(wei)了某(mou)些電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)特殊要求,有(you)時(shi)必(bi)須在電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)過程中采用(yong)(yong)燒(shao)結(jie)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)砂作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)原料(liao),如(ru)采用(yong)(yong)海水鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)砂作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)原料(liao),一般首先利用(yong)(yong)處(chu)理海水和石灰乳(ru)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)生產氫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei),將氫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)煅燒(shao)成輕燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。用(yong)(yong)其他方法也(ye)可以制(zhi)(zhi)得輕燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(詳見工業(ye)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)取方法),采用(yong)(yong)輕燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)作(zuo)為(wei)原料(liao)生產電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。奧(ao)絲脫(AusT)和拉特爾(Ruttere)等研究認為(wei),極(ji)少量(liang)的(de)雜質氣(qi)體(ti)(相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang))也(ye)屬于晶(jing)體(ti)的(de)雜質,可明顯影響晶(jing)粒的(de)長大(da)(da)。因(yin)為(wei)雜質相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)在于增加晶(jing)界(jie)運動所需的(de)能量(liang)。當晶(jing)界(jie)與(yu)第二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi),晶(jing)體(ti)能量(liang)降低,其降低量(liang)與(yu)第二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫(heng)截(jie)面(mian)積(ji)成正比,所以必(bi)須提高晶(jing)界(jie)能,晶(jing)界(jie)才能離開第二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)繼(ji)續運動。并且當晶(jing)界(jie)與(yu)第二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi),與(yu)第二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫(heng)截(jie)面(mian)積(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等的(de)晶(jing)界(jie)必(bi)須變形(xing),第二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)數(shu)量(liang)愈(yu)多,晶(jing)粒長大(da)(da)的(de)極(ji)限尺寸愈(yu)小。


另一方面為了降低電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧(yang)化鎂的顯氣孔率,也應(ying)盡(jin)量減(jian)少原(yuan)料(liao)氧(yang)化鎂的氣體排出,因此,采用燒結鎂砂電(dian)熔(rong)有其(qi)顯著優點。

⑤電熔氧化(hua)鎂(mei)單(dan)晶的化(hua)學(xue)原料質量要求(qiu):

(3)電弧熔融

這(zhe)些特性(xing)是(shi)同原子(zi)(zi)和分子(zi)(zi)的量(liang)子(zi)(zi)力學本性(xing)如離(li)子(zi)(zi)半徑的尺寸,離(li)子(zi)(zi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)位數值(zhi),離(li)子(zi)(zi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)外層結構等相關聯。而氧(yang)化(hua)鎂的離(li)子(zi)(zi)尺寸、質量(liang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷、陽離(li)子(zi)(zi)和陰(yin)離(li)子(zi)(zi)之間(jian)的結合特性(xing)和強度、離(li)子(zi)(zi)的極化(hua)作用、結晶(jing)構造等決定它是(shi)一高熔點化(hua)合物。

氧化鎂的熔點(dian)和結構參數(shu):陽離子半(ban)徑(jing)0.074mm;陰離子半(ban)徑(jing)0.53mm;結構類型(xing)NaCl;配位數(shu)6;有效配位數(shu)8.5;密度3.65g/cm3;熔點(dian)2800℃。

電熔凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)制造的(de)(de)最重要(yao)過(guo)(guo)程是由各種(zhong)(zhong)鎂(mei)質原(yuan)料,通(tong)過(guo)(guo)各種(zhong)(zhong)形式的(de)(de)加熱方法產生(sheng)高溫使(shi)鎂(mei)質材料(MgO)熔化(hua)(hua),變(bian)成氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)熔體(ti)。要(yao)使(shi)氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)熔融(rong),必須消耗大量的(de)(de)熱能,以克服離(li)子間的(de)(de)引力。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)強大電弧產生(sheng)高溫而熔化(hua)(hua)氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)(de)方法叫做電弧熔融(rong)法。這個融(rong)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)(guo)程一般(ban)包括熱的(de)(de)傳導(dao)、脫水、脫碳、熔化(hua)(hua)、析晶、晶體(ti)長大等(deng)一系列(lie)物理化(hua)(hua)學變(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程。

①脫(tuo)水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)。用水(shui)鎂(mei)石作原料有(you)一脫(tuo)水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)。水(shui)鎂(mei)石的主(zhu)要成分是氫氧化鎂(mei)Mg(OH)2。其脫(tuo)水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)是:

Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O

②脫(tuo)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)過(guo)程(cheng)。用菱(ling)鎂礦作為原料時有(you)一(yi)個脫(tuo)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)過(guo)程(cheng),脫(tuo)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)過(guo)程(cheng)包括兩個方面。一(yi)方面是(shi)菱(ling)鎂礦石(shi)的熱分解,菱(ling)鎂礦石(shi)的主(zhu)要(yao)成分是(shi)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸鎂(MgCO3):

MgCO3→MgO+CO2

另一方面,由于在(zai)(zai)電(dian)熔過(guo)程(cheng)中往往在(zai)(zai)原料氧化鎂中加(jia)入(ru)石墨粉末(mo)添加(jia)物(助劑),在(zai)(zai)電(dian)熔爐起動過(guo)程(cheng)中需在(zai)(zai)三電(dian)極(ji)(石墨電(dian)極(ji))的下端用石墨粉末(mo)鋪(pu)成三角形或星形導線(xian)路,在(zai)(zai)通電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中受(shou)熱燒(shao)損或完全燃燒(shao)除去石墨。

C+O2→CO2↑

③熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化過程(cheng)(cheng)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化過程(cheng)(cheng)即氧化鎂(mei)中鎂(mei)離子(zi)(zi)和氧離子(zi)(zi)在(zai)強電(dian)(dian)弧產生(sheng)的(de)熱(re)(re)(re)能作用下(xia),克(ke)服單(dan)晶(jing)體(ti)中的(de)晶(jing)格能的(de)束縛,變(bian)成(cheng)能自由運動的(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)。也就(jiu)是說,氧化鎂(mei)加熱(re)(re)(re)到一定溫度(熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點)就(jiu)會由固體(ti)變(bian)成(cheng)液體(ti),叫熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化。在(zai)這(zhe)一過程(cheng)(cheng)中需消耗(hao)大量(liang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)能。據(ju)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧化鎂(mei)生(sheng)產者對用水鎂(mei)石作原料生(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧化鎂(mei)的(de)熱(re)(re)(re)平衡(heng)的(de)衡(heng)算,熱(re)(re)(re)消耗(hao)的(de)比例如下(xia):氧化鎂(mei)晶(jing)體(ti)生(sheng)成(cheng)熱(re)(re)(re)消耗(hao)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)34.9%,渣皮消耗(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)15.3%,散(san)砂生(sheng)成(cheng)熱(re)(re)(re)耗(hao)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3.0%,冷卻(que)(que)水耗(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)8.4%,冷卻(que)(que)爐殼的(de)水耗(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)7.9%,爐子(zi)(zi)表面(mian)散(san)熱(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)6.4%,煙氣帶走熱(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)28.8%。電(dian)(dian)能損失值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3.2%,從(cong)這(zhe)些統計數據(ju)可以看出,在(zai)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)


相關標簽: 電熔鎂砂

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