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大慶電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程

發(fa)布日期:2022-08-21 瀏(liu)覽次數:25509

電弧(hu)熔(rong)爐生產電熔(rong)氧化鎂的工藝流(liu)程(cheng)主要包括:原料(liao)配料(liao)、電弧(hu)熔(rong)融、破碎、選別、粉碎、篩別、磁選、分類包裝(zhuang)等。

(1)原料

我國有豐富的(de)(de)優質(zhi)菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦石,氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)含量高(gao),又易于(yu)開(kai)采,因此,被廣泛用(yong)作電(dian)熔氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)原料。采用(yong)菱鎂(mei)(mei)石作原料,碳(tan)酸鎂(mei)(mei)分解產生CO2氣體(ti),由于(yu)有大(da)量氣體(ti)從(cong)爐內排出影響著電(dian)熔過程(cheng)的(de)(de)進行:

MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑

對電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)的結晶(jing)帶的形成均(jun)有不利影響(xiang),由于大量塵(chen)料(liao)飛(fei)損(sun),使物料(liao)損(sun)耗和能量消耗增(zeng)高,也惡化(hua)了車間生產環境。但由于優(you)質菱鎂(mei)礦石容易獲得(de),價格很低廉,所以,仍是我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)用得(de)最多最廣(guang)泛的原(yuan)料(liao)。

(2)配料

①菱鎂(mei)礦。菱鎂(mei)礦石(shi)中氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)含量(liang)高低(di)和(he)(he)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)成(cheng)分直接影響到電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)質量(liang),同時在電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)過程中也直接影響到電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)得(de)到的(de)品(pin)級(ji)比(bi)例,因(yin)此,為(wei)了(le)保證電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)質量(liang)和(he)(he)品(pin)級(ji)比(bi)例,必須(xu)對各種礦石(shi)進(jin)行(xing)適當(dang)的(de)配比(bi)后進(jin)行(xing)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)。


v5.jpg


②水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)。我國的遼寧(ning)省水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)的礦(kuang)源非常(chang)豐(feng)富,水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)中氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)含量高于(yu)菱鎂(mei)礦(kuang)石(shi)。它也是(shi)一種(zhong)制(zhi)造電熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的原料(liao),部分(fen)地區水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)的化(hua)(hua)學成分(fen)見表2。

表(biao)2水鎂(mei)石的化學成分/%

③輕燒氧化(hua)鎂(mei)。以輕燒氧化(hua)鎂(mei)作為電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)原料(liao),可(ke)以使生產(chan)環境得到改善,可(ke)以降(jiang)低運輸費(fei)用。由于電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)時排(pai)出(chu)氣(qi)體少(shao),成分也較均勻,對(dui)提高(gao)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)質量有利。

我國(guo)有一些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)以(yi)輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)制成球料(liao)(liao)入(ru)爐電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)。輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)含量達到98%,以(yi)此料(liao)(liao)能生產(chan)出白色大(da)結晶電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)。但由于成球費用(yong)高,影響生產(chan)成本。目前(qian),有的(de)廠(chang)家采用(yong)反射爐輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei),以(yi)一定的(de)粒度加入(ru)熔(rong)(rong)爐電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)質量比用(yong)菱(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)礦石好,成本又比用(yong)球料(liao)(liao)作(zuo)原料(liao)(liao)時便宜,因而得(de)到了一定的(de)推廣。


④燒(shao)(shao)結(jie)鎂(mei)(mei)砂(sha)(sha)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)了某些(xie)電熔(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)特殊(shu)要求,有時(shi)必須(xu)在電熔(rong)過程中采用(yong)(yong)燒(shao)(shao)結(jie)鎂(mei)(mei)砂(sha)(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)電熔(rong)原(yuan)料,如采用(yong)(yong)海水鎂(mei)(mei)砂(sha)(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)電熔(rong)原(yuan)料,一般首先利用(yong)(yong)處理海水和石灰乳作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)生產氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei),將氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)煅燒(shao)(shao)成輕燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。用(yong)(yong)其(qi)他方(fang)法也可以(yi)制得輕燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(詳見(jian)工業氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)制取(qu)方(fang)法),采用(yong)(yong)輕燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)原(yuan)料生產電熔(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)。奧絲(si)脫(AusT)和拉特爾(Ruttere)等研究認為(wei)(wei)(wei),極少(shao)量的(de)雜質(zhi)氣(qi)體(相(xiang)(xiang))也屬于(yu)晶(jing)(jing)體的(de)雜質(zhi),可明顯影響(xiang)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)的(de)長大。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)雜質(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)在于(yu)增加晶(jing)(jing)界運動(dong)所(suo)需的(de)能量。當晶(jing)(jing)界與第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi),晶(jing)(jing)體能量降低,其(qi)降低量與第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)橫(heng)截(jie)面積成正(zheng)比,所(suo)以(yi)必須(xu)提(ti)高晶(jing)(jing)界能,晶(jing)(jing)界才能離開第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)繼續運動(dong)。并且當晶(jing)(jing)界與第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi),與第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)橫(heng)截(jie)面積相(xiang)(xiang)等的(de)晶(jing)(jing)界必須(xu)變形,第二(er)相(xiang)(xiang)數量愈(yu)多,晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)長大的(de)極限尺寸愈(yu)小。


另一方(fang)面為了降低電熔凝氧化(hua)鎂的顯氣(qi)(qi)孔率,也應盡量減(jian)少(shao)原(yuan)料氧化(hua)鎂的氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)排出,因此,采用燒結鎂砂電熔有其顯著優點。

⑤電熔(rong)氧化鎂(mei)單晶(jing)的(de)化學原料質(zhi)量(liang)要求:

(3)電弧熔融

這些(xie)特(te)性是同(tong)原子(zi)和(he)分子(zi)的(de)(de)量子(zi)力學本性如離子(zi)半徑的(de)(de)尺寸,離子(zi)的(de)(de)電(dian)位數值,離子(zi)的(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)外層結構等相關聯(lian)。而氧化(hua)(hua)鎂的(de)(de)離子(zi)尺寸、質量和(he)電(dian)荷、陽離子(zi)和(he)陰離子(zi)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)結合特(te)性和(he)強度、離子(zi)的(de)(de)極化(hua)(hua)作用(yong)、結晶構造等決定它(ta)是一高熔(rong)點(dian)化(hua)(hua)合物。

氧化鎂的熔(rong)點和結構參數:陽離子半(ban)徑(jing)0.074mm;陰(yin)離子半(ban)徑(jing)0.53mm;結構類型NaCl;配位(wei)(wei)數6;有效配位(wei)(wei)數8.5;密度3.65g/cm3;熔(rong)點2800℃。

電熔(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)制造(zao)的(de)最重要(yao)過程(cheng)(cheng)是由各(ge)種鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)質(zhi)(zhi)原料(liao),通過各(ge)種形式的(de)加熱(re)方法(fa)產生高溫(wen)使鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)質(zhi)(zhi)材料(liao)(MgO)熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua),變(bian)成氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)熔(rong)體。要(yao)使氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)熔(rong)融,必(bi)須消耗大量的(de)熱(re)能(neng),以克服(fu)離子間的(de)引力(li)。通過強大電弧產生高溫(wen)而熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)方法(fa)叫做電弧熔(rong)融法(fa)。這個融化(hua)(hua)(hua)過程(cheng)(cheng)一般(ban)包括熱(re)的(de)傳(chuan)導、脫(tuo)水、脫(tuo)碳、熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、析晶、晶體長大等一系列物(wu)理(li)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)。

①脫(tuo)水過程(cheng)。用(yong)水鎂石作原料有一脫(tuo)水過程(cheng)。水鎂石的主要成分是(shi)氫氧化(hua)鎂Mg(OH)2。其脫(tuo)水過程(cheng)是(shi):

Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O

②脫碳過程(cheng)。用菱鎂(mei)礦作為原料時有(you)一(yi)個(ge)脫碳過程(cheng),脫碳過程(cheng)包括兩(liang)個(ge)方面。一(yi)方面是菱鎂(mei)礦石的熱分解(jie),菱鎂(mei)礦石的主(zhu)要成分是碳酸鎂(mei)(MgCO3):

MgCO3→MgO+CO2

另一方面,由于在(zai)電(dian)熔(rong)過(guo)程(cheng)中往往在(zai)原料氧化鎂中加入石墨(mo)粉(fen)末(mo)添加物(助劑),在(zai)電(dian)熔(rong)爐(lu)起動過(guo)程(cheng)中需在(zai)三(san)電(dian)極(石墨(mo)電(dian)極)的(de)下端用石墨(mo)粉(fen)末(mo)鋪成三(san)角形或星形導線路,在(zai)通(tong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中受熱燒損或完全燃燒除去(qu)石墨(mo)。

C+O2→CO2↑

③熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)即氧化(hua)鎂(mei)中鎂(mei)離子和氧離子在(zai)強電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能作(zuo)用(yong)下,克服(fu)單晶(jing)體中的(de)(de)晶(jing)格能的(de)(de)束縛,變成(cheng)能自由運動的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。也(ye)就(jiu)是說,氧化(hua)鎂(mei)加熱(re)(re)(re)(re)到一定溫(wen)度(熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點)就(jiu)會由固體變成(cheng)液體,叫熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)。在(zai)這一過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中需(xu)消(xiao)耗(hao)大量的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能。據電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)凝(ning)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)生(sheng)產(chan)者對用(yong)水鎂(mei)石(shi)作(zuo)原料生(sheng)產(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)凝(ning)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)平衡的(de)(de)衡算,熱(re)(re)(re)(re)消(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)(de)比例(li)如下:氧化(hua)鎂(mei)晶(jing)體生(sheng)成(cheng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)消(xiao)耗(hao)值(zhi)(zhi)34.9%,渣皮(pi)消(xiao)耗(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)15.3%,散砂生(sheng)成(cheng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)耗(hao)值(zhi)(zhi)3.0%,冷卻水耗(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)8.4%,冷卻爐(lu)殼的(de)(de)水耗(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)7.9%,爐(lu)子表(biao)面散熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)6.4%,煙氣帶走熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)28.8%。電(dian)(dian)(dian)能損失值(zhi)(zhi)3.2%,從這些統(tong)計數據可以看出,在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)


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