綏化電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程
發(fa)布日期:2022-08-21 瀏覽次(ci)數:25461電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化(hua)鎂的工藝流程主要(yao)包括:原料(liao)配料(liao)、電弧熔融、破碎、選(xuan)別、粉碎、篩別、磁選(xuan)、分類包裝等(deng)。
(1)原料
我國有(you)豐富的優質菱鎂(mei)礦石(shi),氧化鎂(mei)含量(liang)(liang)高,又(you)易于(yu)開(kai)采,因(yin)此,被廣(guang)泛用作電熔(rong)氧化鎂(mei)的原料(liao)。采用菱鎂(mei)石(shi)作原料(liao),碳酸鎂(mei)分解產生CO2氣體,由于(yu)有(you)大量(liang)(liang)氣體從爐內排(pai)出影響著電熔(rong)過程的進行:
MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑
對(dui)電熔氧化鎂的結晶帶的形成均有不利影響,由于大量(liang)塵(chen)料飛損,使物料損耗和能量(liang)消耗增高,也惡化了車間生(sheng)產環境。但(dan)由于優(you)質菱(ling)鎂礦石容(rong)易獲(huo)得,價格很低廉,所以,仍是我國電熔氧化鎂用得最多(duo)最廣泛的原料。
(2)配料
①菱(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)。菱(ling)鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)石(shi)中氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的含量高低和化(hua)學成分直接影響到電熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的質量,同時在電熔過(guo)程(cheng)中也(ye)直接影響到電熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)得(de)到的品級(ji)比例(li),因此(ci),為了保證電熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的質量和品級(ji)比例(li),必須(xu)對(dui)各種礦(kuang)石(shi)進行(xing)(xing)適(shi)當的配(pei)比后進行(xing)(xing)熔煉。
②水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)。我(wo)國的遼寧省水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)的礦源(yuan)非常豐(feng)富(fu),水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)中氧(yang)化鎂(mei)含量(liang)高于(yu)菱鎂(mei)礦石(shi)。它(ta)也是一種制造電(dian)熔凝氧(yang)化鎂(mei)的原料,部分地區(qu)水(shui)鎂(mei)石(shi)的化學成分見表2。
表2水鎂(mei)石的化學成分/%
③輕燒氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂。以輕燒氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂作為(wei)電熔(rong)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂原料,可(ke)以使(shi)生產環(huan)境得(de)到(dao)改善(shan),可(ke)以降低運輸費用。由(you)于電熔(rong)時(shi)排(pai)出氣體少,成分也較均(jun)勻,對提高電熔(rong)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂質量(liang)有利。
我國有(you)(you)一些電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂以輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂制(zhi)成(cheng)球料(liao)入爐(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)。輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂的氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂含量(liang)達到98%,以此(ci)料(liao)能(neng)生產出白色大結晶電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂。但(dan)由于成(cheng)球費用高,影響(xiang)生產成(cheng)本(ben)。目前,有(you)(you)的廠家(jia)采用反射爐(lu)(lu)輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂,以一定(ding)的粒度(du)加(jia)入熔(rong)(rong)爐(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong),電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂的質量(liang)比(bi)用菱鎂礦石好,成(cheng)本(ben)又比(bi)用球料(liao)作原料(liao)時便宜,因而得(de)到了一定(ding)的推廣。
④燒(shao)(shao)結鎂(mei)(mei)砂。為(wei)了某(mou)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)特(te)殊要求,有時(shi)必(bi)須(xu)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)過程(cheng)中采用(yong)(yong)(yong)燒(shao)(shao)結鎂(mei)(mei)砂作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)原料(liao)(liao),如采用(yong)(yong)(yong)海水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)砂作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)原料(liao)(liao),一般首(shou)先利用(yong)(yong)(yong)處理(li)海水(shui)和(he)石灰乳作用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei),將氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)煅燒(shao)(shao)成(cheng)(cheng)輕(qing)(qing)(qing)燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)其他(ta)方法也可(ke)以制(zhi)得輕(qing)(qing)(qing)燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)(詳(xiang)見工業(ye)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)制(zhi)取方法),采用(yong)(yong)(yong)輕(qing)(qing)(qing)燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)作為(wei)原料(liao)(liao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)凝(ning)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)。奧絲(si)脫(AusT)和(he)拉特(te)爾(er)(Ruttere)等研究認為(wei),極(ji)少(shao)量的(de)雜質(zhi)氣體(ti)(相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang))也屬于晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)的(de)雜質(zhi),可(ke)明顯影(ying)響晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)的(de)長大。因(yin)為(wei)雜質(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)于增加(jia)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)運動所需的(de)能(neng)(neng)量。當(dang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)與(yu)第(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi),晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)能(neng)(neng)量降低(di),其降低(di)量與(yu)第(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫(heng)截(jie)面積(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)正比,所以必(bi)須(xu)提高晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)能(neng)(neng),晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)才能(neng)(neng)離開第(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)繼續運動。并且當(dang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)與(yu)第(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi),與(yu)第(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫(heng)截(jie)面積(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等的(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)必(bi)須(xu)變形,第(di)二(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)數(shu)量愈多,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)長大的(de)極(ji)限(xian)尺寸愈小。
另一方面為(wei)了降低電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧化(hua)鎂(mei)的顯氣(qi)孔率,也應盡(jin)量減少原料氧化(hua)鎂(mei)的氣(qi)體(ti)排出,因此,采用燒結鎂(mei)砂電(dian)熔(rong)有其顯著優點。
⑤電熔氧化鎂單(dan)晶的化學原(yuan)料質量要求(qiu):
(3)電弧熔融
這些(xie)特性(xing)是(shi)同原子(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)的量(liang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)力學本性(xing)如離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)半徑(jing)的尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun),離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的電位數值,離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的電子(zi)(zi)(zi)外層結構等相(xiang)關聯。而氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂的離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)、質量(liang)和(he)電荷(he)、陽(yang)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)陰離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之間的結合特性(xing)和(he)強度、離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的極化(hua)(hua)作用、結晶構造等決定它是(shi)一(yi)高熔點(dian)化(hua)(hua)合物(wu)。
氧化鎂的熔(rong)點和結構(gou)參數(shu)(shu):陽離子半徑(jing)0.074mm;陰離子半徑(jing)0.53mm;結構(gou)類型(xing)NaCl;配位(wei)數(shu)(shu)6;有效配位(wei)數(shu)(shu)8.5;密度(du)3.65g/cm3;熔(rong)點2800℃。
電熔(rong)(rong)凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)制造的(de)(de)最重(zhong)要過(guo)程是(shi)由各(ge)種鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)質原料,通過(guo)各(ge)種形式(shi)的(de)(de)加(jia)熱方法產生高溫(wen)使鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)質材料(MgO)熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua),變成氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)熔(rong)(rong)體(ti)。要使氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)熔(rong)(rong)融,必須(xu)消耗大(da)量的(de)(de)熱能,以(yi)克(ke)服離子間的(de)(de)引力。通過(guo)強大(da)電弧(hu)產生高溫(wen)而熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)方法叫做電弧(hu)熔(rong)(rong)融法。這個融化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程一般包括熱的(de)(de)傳導(dao)、脫(tuo)水(shui)、脫(tuo)碳、熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)、析晶、晶體(ti)長大(da)等一系列物理化(hua)(hua)學變化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)過(guo)程。
①脫(tuo)(tuo)水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)。用水(shui)鎂石作原(yuan)料有一脫(tuo)(tuo)水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)。水(shui)鎂石的主要成分是(shi)氫氧(yang)化鎂Mg(OH)2。其脫(tuo)(tuo)水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)是(shi):
Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O
②脫(tuo)(tuo)碳過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。用菱鎂(mei)礦作為(wei)原料時有一個(ge)脫(tuo)(tuo)碳過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng),脫(tuo)(tuo)碳過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)包括兩個(ge)方面。一方面是(shi)菱鎂(mei)礦石(shi)的熱分解,菱鎂(mei)礦石(shi)的主(zhu)要(yao)成分是(shi)碳酸鎂(mei)(MgCO3):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2
另一(yi)方面,由(you)于在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)往往在(zai)(zai)(zai)原料氧化鎂中(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)入石(shi)墨粉(fen)末(mo)添(tian)加(jia)物(助劑),在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)爐起動過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)需在(zai)(zai)(zai)三電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(石(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)極(ji))的下端用(yong)石(shi)墨粉(fen)末(mo)鋪成三角形或(huo)星形導線路,在(zai)(zai)(zai)通電(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)受(shou)熱燒損或(huo)完全燃(ran)燒除去(qu)石(shi)墨。
C+O2→CO2↑
③熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)過程。熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)過程即(ji)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)中(zhong)鎂(mei)離(li)子(zi)和氧(yang)離(li)子(zi)在(zai)強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)弧產生的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)作用下,克服單晶(jing)體中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)格能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)束縛,變(bian)成能(neng)自由(you)運(yun)動的(de)(de)(de)過程。也就是說(shuo),氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)加熱(re)(re)(re)(re)到(dao)一定溫(wen)度(熔(rong)(rong)點(dian))就會由(you)固體變(bian)成液體,叫熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)。在(zai)這一過程中(zhong)需(xu)消耗(hao)(hao)大量的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)。據電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)生產者對用水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)石作原料生產電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)平衡(heng)的(de)(de)(de)衡(heng)算,熱(re)(re)(re)(re)消耗(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)比例(li)如下:氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)晶(jing)體生成熱(re)(re)(re)(re)消耗(hao)(hao)值(zhi)34.9%,渣皮消耗(hao)(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)15.3%,散砂(sha)生成熱(re)(re)(re)(re)耗(hao)(hao)值(zhi)3.0%,冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)水(shui)(shui)耗(hao)(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)8.4%,冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)爐(lu)殼的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)耗(hao)(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)7.9%,爐(lu)子(zi)表面散熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)6.4%,煙(yan)氣帶走熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)28.8%。電(dian)(dian)能(neng)損失值(zhi)3.2%,從(cong)這些統計數據可以(yi)看出,在(zai)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)