哈爾濱電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程
發(fa)布(bu)日期:2022-08-21 瀏覽次數:25457電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂的工藝流程主要包(bao)括(kuo):原料(liao)配料(liao)、電弧熔融、破碎、選別、粉碎、篩(shai)別、磁選、分類包(bao)裝(zhuang)等。
(1)原料
我國(guo)有(you)豐富的(de)優質菱鎂(mei)礦石,氧化鎂(mei)含量高,又易于開采(cai),因(yin)此(ci),被廣(guang)泛用作(zuo)電熔(rong)氧化鎂(mei)的(de)原料。采(cai)用菱鎂(mei)石作(zuo)原料,碳酸(suan)鎂(mei)分(fen)解產(chan)生(sheng)CO2氣(qi)體,由(you)于有(you)大(da)量氣(qi)體從爐內排(pai)出影響著電熔(rong)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)進(jin)行(xing):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑
對電熔氧化(hua)鎂(mei)的結晶(jing)帶的形成均(jun)有不(bu)利影響,由于大量(liang)塵料(liao)飛損(sun),使物料(liao)損(sun)耗和能量(liang)消耗增(zeng)高(gao),也惡(e)化(hua)了車間生(sheng)產環(huan)境。但由于優質菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦石容(rong)易獲得,價格(ge)很低廉(lian),所以(yi),仍(reng)是我國電熔氧化(hua)鎂(mei)用得最多最廣泛的原(yuan)料(liao)。
(2)配料
①菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦。菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦石中氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的含量(liang)高低和化學成分直接影(ying)響到電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的質量(liang),同(tong)時在電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)過程中也直接影(ying)響到電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧化鎂(mei)(mei)得到的品(pin)級比例(li),因(yin)此,為了保證電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的質量(liang)和品(pin)級比例(li),必(bi)須對各種礦石進行適當的配比后進行熔(rong)(rong)煉。
②水鎂(mei)(mei)石。我(wo)國的(de)遼寧省水鎂(mei)(mei)石的(de)礦源非常(chang)豐(feng)富(fu),水鎂(mei)(mei)石中氧化鎂(mei)(mei)含量高于菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦石。它也是一種制造電熔凝(ning)氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)原料,部(bu)分地區水鎂(mei)(mei)石的(de)化學成分見表2。
表2水鎂石(shi)的化(hua)學成分/%
③輕燒氧化鎂(mei)。以輕燒氧化鎂(mei)作為電熔(rong)氧化鎂(mei)原料,可以使生(sheng)產(chan)環境得到改(gai)善,可以降(jiang)低運(yun)輸費用。由于電熔(rong)時(shi)排出氣體(ti)少(shao),成分(fen)也較均勻,對提高(gao)電熔(rong)氧化鎂(mei)質量有利。
我國有(you)一(yi)些電(dian)(dian)熔凝氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)以輕(qing)燒氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)制(zhi)成(cheng)球料入爐電(dian)(dian)熔。輕(qing)燒氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)含量達到(dao)98%,以此(ci)料能生(sheng)產出白色大(da)結晶電(dian)(dian)熔氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。但由于成(cheng)球費用高,影響生(sheng)產成(cheng)本。目(mu)前,有(you)的(de)廠家采用反射爐輕(qing)燒氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei),以一(yi)定(ding)的(de)粒(li)度加入熔爐電(dian)(dian)熔,電(dian)(dian)熔氧化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)質(zhi)量比用菱鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)礦石好,成(cheng)本又比用球料作原料時便宜,因(yin)而得(de)到(dao)了一(yi)定(ding)的(de)推(tui)廣。
④燒(shao)(shao)結鎂(mei)(mei)砂(sha)。為了某些電(dian)(dian)熔凝氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)的特殊要求,有時(shi)必(bi)須(xu)在電(dian)(dian)熔過程中采用(yong)(yong)(yong)燒(shao)(shao)結鎂(mei)(mei)砂(sha)作(zuo)(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)熔原料,如采用(yong)(yong)(yong)海水鎂(mei)(mei)砂(sha)作(zuo)(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)熔原料,一般首先利用(yong)(yong)(yong)處理海水和(he)石灰(hui)乳作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生產氫氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei),將氫氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)煅燒(shao)(shao)成輕(qing)燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)其他(ta)方法(fa)也可(ke)以制得輕(qing)燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)(詳見工業氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)的制取方法(fa)),采用(yong)(yong)(yong)輕(qing)燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)作(zuo)(zuo)為原料生產電(dian)(dian)熔凝氧(yang)(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)。奧絲脫(AusT)和(he)拉特爾(Ruttere)等(deng)研究認為,極少(shao)量(liang)(liang)的雜質(zhi)氣體(ti)(相(xiang)(xiang))也屬(shu)于晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)的雜質(zhi),可(ke)明(ming)顯影響(xiang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒的長大。因為雜質(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)的作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在于增(zeng)加(jia)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界運(yun)動所(suo)需的能量(liang)(liang)。當晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界與(yu)第(di)(di)二(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi),晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)能量(liang)(liang)降低(di),其降低(di)量(liang)(liang)與(yu)第(di)(di)二(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)橫截面積(ji)成正(zheng)比(bi),所(suo)以必(bi)須(xu)提高晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界能,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界才能離開(kai)第(di)(di)二(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)繼續運(yun)動。并且當晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界與(yu)第(di)(di)二(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)遇時(shi),與(yu)第(di)(di)二(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)橫截面積(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)的晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界必(bi)須(xu)變形,第(di)(di)二(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)數量(liang)(liang)愈多,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒長大的極限尺寸愈小(xiao)。
另一方(fang)面為了降低電熔(rong)凝氧化鎂的顯(xian)氣孔率,也應盡量減少原料(liao)氧化鎂的氣體(ti)排出,因此,采用燒結鎂砂電熔(rong)有其顯(xian)著優點。
⑤電(dian)熔氧化鎂(mei)單(dan)晶(jing)的化學原料質量要求:
(3)電弧熔融
這些特(te)性(xing)(xing)是(shi)同原子(zi)(zi)和(he)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)的(de)量子(zi)(zi)力(li)學(xue)本性(xing)(xing)如(ru)離(li)子(zi)(zi)半徑的(de)尺寸,離(li)子(zi)(zi)的(de)電(dian)位數(shu)值,離(li)子(zi)(zi)的(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)外(wai)層(ceng)結(jie)構等(deng)(deng)相(xiang)關聯。而氧化鎂的(de)離(li)子(zi)(zi)尺寸、質量和(he)電(dian)荷、陽(yang)離(li)子(zi)(zi)和(he)陰離(li)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間的(de)結(jie)合特(te)性(xing)(xing)和(he)強度、離(li)子(zi)(zi)的(de)極化作用(yong)、結(jie)晶(jing)構造(zao)等(deng)(deng)決定它是(shi)一高(gao)熔(rong)點(dian)化合物。
氧化鎂的熔(rong)點和結構(gou)參數:陽離子半徑0.074mm;陰離子半徑0.53mm;結構(gou)類型(xing)NaCl;配(pei)位數6;有效配(pei)位數8.5;密度3.65g/cm3;熔(rong)點2800℃。
電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)制造的(de)(de)最(zui)重要(yao)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)是由(you)各種鎂(mei)質原料,通(tong)過(guo)各種形式的(de)(de)加熱方法產生(sheng)高溫使(shi)鎂(mei)質材料(MgO)熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua),變成氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)熔(rong)(rong)體。要(yao)使(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)熔(rong)(rong)融,必(bi)須消(xiao)耗大量的(de)(de)熱能,以克服離子間的(de)(de)引(yin)力(li)。通(tong)過(guo)強大電(dian)弧產生(sheng)高溫而熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)(de)方法叫(jiao)做電(dian)弧熔(rong)(rong)融法。這(zhe)個融化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)一般包括熱的(de)(de)傳導、脫水、脫碳、熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)、析(xi)晶(jing)、晶(jing)體長大等一系列物理(li)化(hua)(hua)學變化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。
①脫(tuo)水(shui)(shui)過程。用水(shui)(shui)鎂石作原料有一脫(tuo)水(shui)(shui)過程。水(shui)(shui)鎂石的主要成(cheng)分是氫氧化鎂Mg(OH)2。其脫(tuo)水(shui)(shui)過程是:
Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O
②脫(tuo)(tuo)碳(tan)過(guo)程。用菱(ling)鎂礦作為原(yuan)料(liao)時有一個脫(tuo)(tuo)碳(tan)過(guo)程,脫(tuo)(tuo)碳(tan)過(guo)程包括兩個方面。一方面是(shi)菱(ling)鎂礦石的(de)熱分解,菱(ling)鎂礦石的(de)主要成(cheng)分是(shi)碳(tan)酸鎂(MgCO3):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2
另一方面(mian),由于在電(dian)熔過程(cheng)(cheng)中往(wang)往(wang)在原(yuan)料氧化鎂(mei)中加入石墨(mo)粉(fen)末添(tian)加物(助劑),在電(dian)熔爐起(qi)動過程(cheng)(cheng)中需在三電(dian)極(ji)(石墨(mo)電(dian)極(ji))的下端用石墨(mo)粉(fen)末鋪成(cheng)三角形(xing)或(huo)星(xing)形(xing)導線路,在通(tong)電(dian)過程(cheng)(cheng)中受熱燒損或(huo)完全(quan)燃(ran)燒除(chu)去石墨(mo)。
C+O2→CO2↑
③熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)。熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)即氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)中(zhong)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)離子和(he)氧(yang)(yang)離子在(zai)強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)弧產生(sheng)的(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能作用(yong)(yong)下,克服單晶體(ti)中(zhong)的(de)晶格能的(de)束縛,變成(cheng)(cheng)能自由運動的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。也就(jiu)是說,氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)加熱(re)(re)(re)(re)到一定溫(wen)度(du)(熔(rong)(rong)點)就(jiu)會由固體(ti)變成(cheng)(cheng)液體(ti),叫熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)。在(zai)這一過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)需消耗(hao)(hao)大量的(de)電(dian)(dian)能。據(ju)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)生(sheng)產者(zhe)對用(yong)(yong)水鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)石作原料生(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)平(ping)衡(heng)的(de)衡(heng)算(suan),熱(re)(re)(re)(re)消耗(hao)(hao)的(de)比例如(ru)下:氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)晶體(ti)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)消耗(hao)(hao)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)34.9%,渣皮消耗(hao)(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)15.3%,散(san)砂生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)耗(hao)(hao)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3.0%,冷卻水耗(hao)(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)8.4%,冷卻爐殼的(de)水耗(hao)(hao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)7.9%,爐子表面(mian)散(san)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)6.4%,煙氣(qi)帶走熱(re)(re)(re)(re)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)28.8%。電(dian)(dian)能損失值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3.2%,從這些統(tong)計數據(ju)可(ke)以(yi)看出,在(zai)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)